The human body is complex, so it is not unexpected that there are numerous levels of structural organisation for the benefit of description, the human body can be thought about to be functionally arranged into different systems The levels of organization from easiest to many complex are chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal (the body as a whole).
Chemical Level
The chemical level includes atoms, molecules, and macromolecules. At the easiest level, the body is made up of chemical substances that are formed of atoms and molecules Atoms are the basic foundation of chemicals, and atoms integrate in particular methods to form molecules Some particles are remarkably little, such as water molecules, however, others might be large, such as the macromolecules of proteins Numerous small and big molecules are organized together to form organelles. An organelle is a microscopic subunit of a cell, rather like a small organ, that performs particular functions within a cell. Nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes are examples.
Cellular Level
Cells are the standard structural and practical systems of the body because all the processes of life happen within cells A cell is the most affordable level of organisation that lives. The human body is made up of trillions of cells, and several types of cells, such as muscle cells, blood cells, and nerve cells Each type of cell has a special structure that allows it to carry out particular functions.
Tissue Level
Comparable types of cells are typically organised together in the body to form a tissue Each body tissue includes an aggregation of similar cells that carry out comparable functions There are 4 important classes of tissues in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Organ Level
Each organ of the body is made up of 2 or more tissues that interact, allowing the organ to perform its particular functions The body includes many organs, and each has a certain form and function. The stomach, heart, brain, as well as bones are examples of organs.
Organ System Level
The organs of the body are set up in practical groups so that their independent functions are collaborated to carry out particular system functions These collaborated, practical groups are called organ systems The digestive and nervous systems are examples of organ systems Many organs come from a single organ system. However, a couple of organs are appointed to more than one organ system For instance, the pancreas comes from both the digestive and endocrine systems.
| Systems | Significant Functions |
| Integumentary system | Secures versus environmental risks; assists manage body temperature |
| Skeletal system | Supplies assistance; secures tissues; shops minerals; types blood cells |
| Muscular system | Produces movement; supplies assistance; creates heat |
| Nervous system | Directs instant responses to stimuli, typically by collaborating the activities of other organ systems |
| Endocrine system | Directs long- term modifications in other organ systems |
| Cardiovascular system | Transportations cells and liquified products, consisting of gases, nutrients, and wastes |
| Lymphatic system | Resists infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the blood stream |
| Respiratory system | Provides air to sites where gas exchange takes place in between the air and flowing blood; produces sound |
| Digestive system | Processes food and soaks up nutrients |
| Urinary system | Removes excess water, salts, and wastes; controls pH |
| Reproductive system | Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development from fertilisation to birth (female) |
Integumentary System
Secures versus environmental risks; assists manage body temperature
Skin is the outer covering of the human body. Its appendages consist of hairs, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The skin carries out following essential functions:
- It functions as a physical barrier versus entry of microorganisms and other substances.
- It avoids loss of water from the body.
- It is an essential sensory organ consisting of receptors for touch and associated feelings.
- It plays an essential role in managing body temperature.
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Cutaneous Membrane | |
| Epidermis | Covers surface; secures much deeper tissues |
| Dermis | Nurtures epidermis; supplies strength; includes glands |
| Hair Roots | Produce hair; innervation supplies sensation |
| Hairs | Offer defence for head |
| Sebaceous glands | Secrete lipid finishing that oils hair shaft and epidermis |
| Gland | Produce sweating for evaporative cooling |
| Nails | Safeguard and stiffen distal pointers of digits |
| Sensory Receptors | Offer feelings of touch, pressure, temperature, discomfort |
| Hypodermis | Shops lipids; connects skin to much deeper structures |
Skeletal System
The standard structure of the body is supplied by a a great deal of bones that jointly form the skeleton. At joints, the bones are unified to each other by fibrous bands called ligaments. In addition to the joints and bones, the skeletal system likewise consists of the cartilages present in the body.
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Bones, Cartilages, and Joints | Assistance, secure soft tissues; bones save minerals |
| Axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, breast bone, supporting ligaments and cartilages) | Secures brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity; supports the body weight over lower limbs |
| Appendicular skeleton: limbs and supporting bones and ligaments | Supplies internal assistance and positioning of the limbs; assistances and moves axial skeleton |
| Bone Marrow | Main site of blood cell production (red marrow); shops of energy in fat cells (yellow marrow) |
Muscle System
Overlying and typically connected to the bones are different muscles Muscles are made up of numerous lengthened cells called muscle fibers which have the ability to agreement and unwind. 3 unique types of muscles can be determined which are skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles.
| Organ/Structure | Main Functions |
| Skeletal Muscles | Offer skeletal movement; control entryways to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits from digestive and urinary tracts; fruit and vegetables heat; assistance skeleton; secure soft tissues |
| Axial muscles | Assistance and position axial skeleton |
| Appendicular muscles | Assistance, move, and brace limbs |
| Tendons, Aponeuroses | Usage forces of contraction to carry out particular jobs |
Nervous System
The specialised cells that make up the practical systems of the nervous system are called neurons The nervous system might be divided into:
- The central nervous system, comprised of brain and spinal cord
- The peripheral nervous system, including the peripheral nerves and the ganglia, connected with them.
The nerves providing the body wall and limbs are typically called cerebrospinal nerves. The nerves providing the viscera, in addition to the parts of the brain and spinal cord associated with them, make up the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system is partitioned into 2 significant parts: the considerate and the parasympathetic nervous system.
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Functions as nerve centre for nervous system; processes details; supplies short-term control over activities of other systems |
| Brain | Carries out complex integrative functions; controls both activities |
| Spinal cord | Communicates details to and from brain; carries out less-complex integrative activities |
| Unique senses | Offer sensory input to the brain associating with sight, hearing, smell, taste, and stability |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Links CNS with other systems and with sense organs |
Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the blood vessels The blood vessels that take blood from the heart to different tissues are called arteries. The tiniest arteries are called arterioles. Arterioles open into a network of capillaries that perfuse the tissues Exchange of different substances in between the blood and the tissues take place through the walls of capillaries In some circumstances, capillaries are changed by a various little vessels called sinusoids. Blood from capillaries (or from sinusoids) is gathered by little venules which sign up with to form veins The veins return blood to the heart.
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Heart | Moves blood; keeps blood pressure |
| Blood Vessels | Distribute blood around the body |
| Arteries | Carry blood from the heart to capillaries |
| Capillaries | License diffusion in between blood and interstitial fluids |
| Veins | Return blood from capillaries to the heart |
| Blood | Carries oxygen, co2, and blood cells; provides nutrients and hormones; eliminates wastes; helps in temperature regulation and defence versus disease |
Respiratory System
The respiratory system includes the lungs and the passages through which air reaches them. The passages are nasal cavities, the pharynx, the trachea, the bronchi and their intrapulmonary extensions.
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses | Filter, warm, humidify air; identify smells |
| Pharynx | Carries out air to larynx; a chamber showed the digestive tract |
| Larynx | Secures opening to trachea and includes vocal cords |
| Trachea | Filters air; cartilages keep respiratory tract open |
| Bronchi | Carries out air in between trachea and lungs |
| Lungs | Accountable for air movement; alveoli within the lungs are sites of gas exchange in between air and blood |
Digestive System
The digestive or the alimentary system consists of all those structures that are interested in consuming, and with digestion and absorption of food. The system includes an alimentary canal that includes the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, little intestine and large intestine Other structures consisted of in the digestive system are the liver, the gall bladder and the pancreas.
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Oral Cavity (Mouth) | Cavity for food; deals with associated structures (teeth, tongue) to break up food and pass food and liquids to pharynx |
| Salivary Glands | Offer buffers and lubrication; produce enzymes that start digestion |
| Pharynx | Carries out strong food and liquids to esophagus; chamber is shown respiratory tract |
| Esophagus | Provides food to stomach |
| Stomach | Produces acids, enzymes, and hormones |
| Small Intestine | Produces digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; soaks up nutrients |
| Liver | Produces bile; manages nutrition structure of blood |
| Gallbladder | Shops and focuses bile for release into little intestine |
| Pancreas | Produces digestive enzymes and buffers; includes endocrine cells |
| Large Intestine | Eliminates water from faeces; shops wastes |
Excretory System
Excretion is the elimination of waste products of metabolism from the body. Egestion (or defaecation) is the elimination of undigested food from the gut and is not considered excretion due to the fact that the product taken into the gut through the mouth is not made by the body itself. The organs forming excretory system are the kidney, the ureters, the urethra and the bladder.
Reproductive System
Reproduction is the production of a brand-new generation of people of the very same types. It includes the transmission of genetic product from one generation to the next. The male reproductive organs are the testis, the epididymis, the ductus deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, the male urethra and the penis. The female reproductive organs are the ovaries, uterine tubes, the uterus, the vagina, the external genitalia and the mammary glands.
Female
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Ovaries | Produce oocytes and hormones |
| Uterine Tubes | Provide oocyte or embryo to uterus; regular site of fertilisation |
| Uterus | Site of embryonic development and exchange in between fetal and maternal blood streams; sheds lining throughout menstruation |
| Vagina | Site of sperm deposition; functions as a birth canal throughout shipment; supplies passage for fluids throughout menstruation |
| External Genitalia | |
| Clitoris | Includes erectile tissue; supplies satisfying feelings throughout sexes |
| Labia | Contain glands that oil entryway to vagina |
| Mammary Glands | Produce milk that nurtures newborn baby |
Male
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Testes | Produce sperm and hormones |
| Accessory Organs Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra | Functions as site of sperm maturation in each testis Carries out sperm from the epididymis Secrete fluid that adds to semen Produces fluid and enzymes Carries out semen to outside |
| External Genitalia Penis Scrotum | Deposits sperm in vagina of female Surrounds the controls and testes their temperature |
Endocrine System
The endocrine tissue is comprised basically of cells that produce secretions which are put straight into blood called hormones. Some organs are completely endocrine in function. They are described as endocrine glands (or ductless glands) e.g. the hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland), the pineal gland, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands and the suprarenal (adrenal) glands. Groups of endocrine cells might exist in the organs that have other functions These consist of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, the interstitial cells of the testis, the hair follicles and corpora lutea of the ovaries. Hormones are likewise produced by some cells in the placenta, the thymus and the kidney.
| Organ/Structure | Main Function |
| Pineal Gland | Might manage timing of reproduction and set day-night rhythms |
| Pituitary Gland | Controls other endocrine glands; manages growth and fluid balance |
| Thyroid Gland | Controls tissue metabolic rate; manages calcium levels |
| Parathyroid Glands | Manage calcium levels (with thyroid gland) |
| Thymus | Controls maturation of lymphocytes |
| Adrenal Glands | Change water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity |
| Kidneys | Control red blood cell production, raise blood pressure, and help in calcium homoeostasis |
| Pancreas | Manages blood sugar levels |
| Gonads | |
| Testes | Assistance male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions (Module 1.11) |
| Ovaries | Assistance female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions (Module 1.11) |
Blood And Immune System
Blood is considered a customised connective tissue due to the fact that the cellular aspects of it are separated by a significant quantity of ‘intercellular substance’ and due to the fact that a few of the cells in it have close affinities to cells in basic connective tissue.
Flowing blood typically includes 3 primary types of cells which perform their particular physiologic functions:
- the red cells (erythrocytes) are mostly interested in oxygen transport
- the white cells (leucocytes) play different roles in the body defence versus infection and tissue injury and
- platelets (thrombocytes) which are mostly associated with preserving the stability of blood vessels and in avoiding blood loss.
Organismal Level
The greatest organisational level handling a person is the organismal level, the human organism as a whole. It is made up of all the interacting organ systems All the organisational levels from chemicals to organ systems add to the performance of the whole body.
References
- https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/52/26/26/PDF/ap100005.pdf
- http://epjap.epj.org/articles/epjap/abs/2010/10/ap100005/ap100005.html
- http://hfs.sagepub.com/content/4/5/227.short
- http://users.dsic.upv.es/~mcarmen/docs/HumanBody.pdf
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